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Electronics | Devices, Facts, & History | Britannica

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SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideoselectronicsIntroductionThe history of electronicsThe vacuum tube eraThe semiconductor revolutionInvention of the transistorIntegrated circuitsCompound semiconductor materialsDigital electronicsOptoelectronicsSuperconducting electronicsFlat-panel displaysThe science of electronicsValence electronsConduction in semiconductorsFabrication of semiconductorsState of the artBasic electronic functionsRectificationAmplificationUsing n-p-n transistorsUsing MOSFETsCoupling amplifiersOscillationSwitching and timingUsing transistorsUsing thyristorsOptoelectronic functionsReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImages & Videoselectronics summaryElectronics & Gadgets QuizSciencePhysicsFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/electronicsSociety of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers - Introduction to ElectronicsNational Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Next-Generation Electronics and Sensing TechnologyPhysics LibreTexts - Electronicselectronics - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)electronics - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)Robert I. Scace Director, Microelectronics Programs, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....Historyphysicsengineeringelectronic devicesencompassestechnologyelectronelectron tubesdisciplinestransistorsintegrated circuitslasersoptical fibresSee all videos for this articlevacuum tubeTheoreticalelectricitySir Joseph John Thomsonelectric chargeRobert A. MillikanThomas A. EdisonanodecathodeJohn Ambrose FlemingEdison effectconstitutedelectric currentBritannica Quiz Electronics & Gadgets QuizimpetusX-ray tubeWilliam D. Coolidgethermionic valveradioalternating currentdirect currentcat whiskerwiresemiconductorsufficientinventionLee De ForestAudionbiasedSUBSCRIBE The vacuum tube permitted the development of radio broadcasting, long-distance telephony, television, and the first electronic digital computers. These early electronic computers were, in fact, the largest vacuum-tube systems ever built. Perhaps the best-known representative is the ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator and Computercathode-ray tubeemittedfluorescent screenelectron beamLei JunAn WangRobert Morris PageWalter Schottkyphysicsindustryelectronic systemSee all related contentdegradationBell Laboratoriesalternativetransistor

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