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census tabulatorOther early business machine companiesInvention of the modern computerEarly experimentsVannevar Bush’s Differential AnalyzerHoward Aiken’s digital calculatorsThe Turing machinePioneering workThe Atanasoff-Berry ComputerThe first computer networkKonrad ZuseDevelopments during World War IIColossusThe Z4ENIACToward the classical computerBigger brainsVon Neumann’s “Preliminary Discussion”The first stored-program machinesWhirlwindUNIVACThe age of Big IronProgramming languagesEarly computer language developmentMachine languageZuse’s PlankalkülInterpretersCompilersFORTRAN, COBOL, and ALGOLGrace Murray HopperIBM develops FORTRANCOBOLALGOLOperating systemsControl programsThe IBM 360Time-sharing and minicomputersTime-sharing from Project MAC to UNIXMinicomputersThe personal computer revolutionThe microprocessorIntegrated circuitsThe Intel 4004The microcomputerEarly computer enthusiastsThe AltairThe hobby market expandsEarly microcomputer softwareFrom Star Trek to MicrosoftApplication softwareThe personal computerCommodore and Tandy enter the fieldApple Inc.The graphical user interfaceThe IBM Personal ComputerThe market expandsPC clonesMicrosoft’s Windows operating systemWorkstation computersLiving in cyberspaceEver smaller computersEmbedded systemsHandheld digital devicesOne interconnected worldThe InternetE-commerceThe rise of social mediaUbiquitous computingReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImages, Videos & Interactivescomputer summaryComputers and Technology QuizComputers and Operating SystemsA Brief History of the Computer Told from the 1990s: A QuizWhat Do You Actually Know About the Internet?What is a computer?Who invented the computer?What can computers do?Are computers conscious?analytic philosophy: FunctionalismHistory of film: The effect of new technologiesmotion-picture technology: Electronic editingmotion-picture technology: Newer techniqueselectronic music: Computer musicelectronic instrument: The electronic 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Technological aidstextual criticism: Mechanical methodsnavigation: Correction for drifttraffic control: Historytraffic control: New conceptsnavigation: Dead reckoning by computerrailroad: Computerstraffic control: Common control techniquestelescope: Computersautomation: Modern developmentsneuroplasticity: Brain-computer interfacelogistics: Coordinating and managing logisticspolice: Computerizationdatabaseinformation scienceinformation processing: Databasesmuseum: Documentationsolar trackerpedagogy: Computer-based instructionartificial intelligenceautomata theorynumerals and numeral systems: The binary systembionicsNorbert Wienerelectromagnet: Principal applicationsmodemmaterials science: Materials for computers and communicationsrelayelectronics: Integrated circuitstypewriter: Automatically controlled machinesHoward AikenCharles BabbageJ. Presper EckertBill GatesHerman HollerithGrace Hopperhistory of logic: LeibnizAda LovelaceAlan Turing: Computer designerJohn von Neumannelectronics: Using transistorscomputer sciencephilosophy of logic: Technical disciplinesHewlett-Packard Company: Computer businessHitachi, Ltd.IBMNEC CorporationDavid HemmendingerPaul A. FreibergerMichael R. SwainepatentElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic ComputerJohn MauchlyJ. Presper Eckert, Jr.John von NeumannIASSperry Rand CorporationAtanasoff-Berry ComputerPaul A. FreibergerDavid HemmendingerWilliam Morton PottengerMichael R. SwaineThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaAdam AugustynEncyclopaedia BritannicaYamini ChauhanAakanksha GaurErik GregersenParul JainThinley Kalsang BhutiaWilliam L. HoschRobert LewisGita LiesangthemGloria LothaJ.E. LueberingDeepti MahajanRichard PallardyTara RamanathanEmily RodriguezRobert S. DavisShiveta SinghAmy TikkanenGrace YoungGrace YoungRobert S. DavisGrace YoungErik GregersenTara RamanathanTara RamanathanGrace YoungGrace YoungEncyclopaedia BritannicaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaGrace YoungTara RamanathanGloria LothaTara RamanathanJ.E. LueberingEmily RodriguezEmily RodriguezGloria LothaAdam AugustynErik GregersenGloria LothaGloria LothaAakanksha GaurAdam AugustynAdam AugustynAdam AugustynGloria LothaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThinley Kalsang BhutiaGrace YoungThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaGrace YoungGrace YoungRobert LewisRobert LewisAmy TikkanenErik GregersenYamini ChauhanYamini ChauhanErik GregersenYamini ChauhanParul JainGrace YoungYamini ChauhanYamini ChauhanYamini ChauhanYamini ChauhanErik GregersenWilliam L. HoschRichard PallardyShiveta SinghShiveta SinghWilliam L. HoschWilliam L. HoschAmy TikkanenShiveta SinghShiveta SinghGloria LothaGloria LothaGloria LothaDeepti MahajanAmy TikkanenAmy TikkanenGita LiesangthemGloria LothaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaFacebookXYouTubeInstagramAbout Us & Legal InfoAdvertisingContact UsPrivacy PolicyTerms of UseEqual Opportunity

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