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Ancient Rome - Middle Republic, Transformation, Italy | Britannica

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regal period, 753–509 bcEarly centuries of the Roman RepublicFoundation of the republicThe struggle of the ordersThe consulshipThe dictatorshipThe SenateThe popular assembliesThe plebeian tribunateThe Law of the Twelve TablesMilitary tribunes with consular powerSocial and economic changesThe Latin LeagueRoman expansion in ItalyThe Samnite WarsThe Pyrrhic War, 280–275 bcThe middle republic (264–133 bc)The first two Punic WarsFirst Punic War (264–241 bc)Second Punic War (218–201 bc)The establishment of Roman hegemony in the Mediterranean worldRoman expansion in the eastern MediterraneanRoman expansion in the western MediterraneanExplanations of Roman expansionBeginnings of provincial administrationThe transformation of Rome and Italy during the Middle RepublicCitizenship and politics in the middle republicCulture and religionDemographic and economic developmentsSocial changesRome and ItalyThe Late Republic (133–31 bc)The aftermath of the victoriesChanges in provincial administrationSocial and economic illsThe reform movement of the Gracchi (133–121 bc)The program and career of Tiberius Sempronius GracchusThe program and career of Gaius Sempronius GracchusThe republic (c. 121–91 bc)War against JugurthaThe career of Gaius MariusWars and dictatorship (c. 91–80 bc)Events in AsiaDevelopments in ItalyCivil war and the rule of Lucius SullaThe Roman state in the two decades after Sulla (79–60 bc)The early career of PompeyPompey and CrassusPolitical suspicion and violenceThe final collapse of the Roman Republic (59–44 bc)Caesar, Pompey, and CrassusPolitical maneuversCivil warThe dictatorship and assassination of CaesarThe Triumvirate and Octavian’s achievement of sole powerIntellectual life of the Late RepublicGrammar and rhetoricLaw and historyPhilosophy and poetryThe Early Roman Empire (31 bc–ad 193)The consolidation of the empire under the Julio-ClaudiansThe establishment of the principate under AugustusThe Roman Senate and the urban magistraciesThe 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invasionsDifficulties in the EastEconomic and social crisisThe recovery of the empire and the establishment of the dominate (270–337)The Illyrian emperorsDiocletianStruggle for powerThe reign of ConstantineThe Roman Empire under the 4th-century successors of ConstantineThe rule of Constantine’s sonsThe reign of JulianThe reign of Valentinian and ValensThe reign of Gratian and Theodosius ISocial and economic conditionsThe remnants of pagan cultureThe Christian churchThe eclipse of the Roman Empire in the West (c. 395–500) and the German migrationsInvasions in the early 5th centuryThe beginning of Germanic hegemony in the WestBarbarian kingdomsAnalysis of the decline and fallReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImages & VideosHistory Buff QuizThe Roman EmpireAncient Rome QuizWho was the first king of ancient Rome?What were the two main social orders in ancient Rome?What were the two assemblies of the Roman Republic?What were The Punic Wars?Who was the first Roman emperor?Geography & TravelHistorical Placesancient RomeFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-RomePBS - Ancient RomeHistoryWorld - History of RomeLiveScience - Ancient Rome: From city to empire in 600 yearsThe History Files - RomeSmarthistory – Ancient Rome, an introductionancient Rome - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)ancient Rome - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)Simon Hornblower Professor of Classics and Ancient History, University of Oxford.AllBritannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistoryPolybiusRome’sdisciplinecultureArchaeologists at Pompeii use AI to reconstruct the face of a man killed in the volcano's eruptionCitizenshipmilitary serviceGracchustribunesapprobationcensoraristocracydemocracychecks and balancesSenateSecond Punic WarprestigecultivateinheritedclientelesPublius Cornelius Scipio Africanusvillacursus honorumiterationPatriciansplebeianScipio Aemilianusadoptioncircumventingdescendantconsulsconstitutionalplebeian tribunesorderconservativecomposition

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