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Ancient Rome | History, Government, Religion, Maps, & Facts | Britannica

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regal period, 753–509 bcEarly centuries of the Roman RepublicFoundation of the republicThe struggle of the ordersThe consulshipThe dictatorshipThe SenateThe popular assembliesThe plebeian tribunateThe Law of the Twelve TablesMilitary tribunes with consular powerSocial and economic changesThe Latin LeagueRoman expansion in ItalyThe Samnite WarsThe Pyrrhic War, 280–275 bcThe middle republic (264–133 bc)The first two Punic WarsFirst Punic War (264–241 bc)Second Punic War (218–201 bc)The establishment of Roman hegemony in the Mediterranean worldRoman expansion in the eastern MediterraneanRoman expansion in the western MediterraneanExplanations of Roman expansionBeginnings of provincial administrationThe transformation of Rome and Italy during the Middle RepublicCitizenship and politics in the middle republicCulture and religionDemographic and economic developmentsSocial changesRome and ItalyThe Late Republic (133–31 bc)The aftermath of the victoriesChanges in provincial administrationSocial and economic illsThe reform movement of the Gracchi (133–121 bc)The program and career of Tiberius Sempronius GracchusThe program and career of Gaius Sempronius GracchusThe republic (c. 121–91 bc)War against JugurthaThe career of Gaius MariusWars and dictatorship (c. 91–80 bc)Events in AsiaDevelopments in ItalyCivil war and the rule of Lucius SullaThe Roman state in the two decades after Sulla (79–60 bc)The early career of PompeyPompey and CrassusPolitical suspicion and violenceThe final collapse of the Roman Republic (59–44 bc)Caesar, Pompey, and CrassusPolitical maneuversCivil warThe dictatorship and assassination of CaesarThe Triumvirate and Octavian’s achievement of sole powerIntellectual life of the Late RepublicGrammar and rhetoricLaw and historyPhilosophy and poetryThe Early Roman Empire (31 bc–ad 193)The consolidation of the empire under the Julio-ClaudiansThe establishment of the principate under AugustusThe Roman Senate and the urban magistraciesThe equestrian orderAdministration of Rome and ItalyAdministration of the provincesEmperor worshipThe armyForeign policyEconomic lifeAugustan art and literatureAppraisal of AugustusThe successionGrowth of the empire under the Flavians and AntoninesThe year of the four emperorsThe Flavian emperorsThe early Antonine emperors: Nerva and TrajanHadrian and the other Antonine emperorsThe empire in the 2nd centuryTrend to absolute monarchyPolitical lifeRome and ItalyDevelopments in the provincesThe creation of a unified civilizationUrban centresLatinizationLimits of unificationCult of the emperorsThe economic factorThe armyCultural lifeThe Later Roman EmpireThe dynasty of the Severi (ad 193–235)Septimius SeverusCaracallaMacrinusElagabalus and Severus AlexanderReligious and cultural life in the 3rd centuryThe rise of ChristianityCultural life from the Antonines to ConstantineMilitary anarchy and the disintegration of the empire (235–270)Succession of emperors and usurpersThe barbarian invasionsDifficulties in the EastEconomic and social crisisThe recovery of the empire and the establishment of the dominate (270–337)The Illyrian emperorsDiocletianStruggle for powerThe reign of ConstantineThe Roman Empire under the 4th-century successors of ConstantineThe rule of Constantine’s sonsThe reign of JulianThe reign of Valentinian and ValensThe reign of Gratian and Theodosius ISocial and economic conditionsThe remnants of pagan cultureThe Christian churchThe eclipse of the Roman Empire in the West (c. 395–500) and the German migrationsInvasions in the early 5th centuryThe beginning of Germanic hegemony in the WestBarbarian kingdomsAnalysis of the decline and fallReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImages & VideosHistory Buff QuizThe Roman EmpireAncient Rome QuizWho was the first king of ancient Rome?What were the two main social orders in ancient Rome?What were the two assemblies of the Roman Republic?What were The Punic Wars?Who was the first Roman emperor?Geography & TravelHistorical PlacesFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-RomePBS - Ancient RomeHistoryWorld - History of RomeLiveScience - Ancient Rome: From city to empire in 600 yearsThe History Files - RomeSmarthistory – Ancient Rome, an introductionancient Rome - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)ancient Rome - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)Roman ForumNancy Thomson de Grummond Professor and Chair, Department of Classics, Florida State University, Tallahassee.AllBritannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistoryTitus TatiusPunic WarsAugustusRomeempireByzantine EmpireA timeline of the Roman EmpireRoman Forum: Temple of Antoninus and FaustinaTiber RiverEuropeAsiaGreeksintellectualethospolitical systemSenateRomance languageslegacybequeathedancient GreekHomerRoman EmpireClassical antiquityencompassingcultureMediterraneandiverselawarchitectureartlanguagepoetryrhetoricphilosophyItalySee all videos for this articleculturesanimal husbandrydialectfamilydialectsLatiumtribesAlpsEtruscansSee all videos for this articleenvironmentRoman religionRoman Republiccurule chairfascesSabinesBritannica Quiz The Roman EmpirePyrrhicTarentumQuintus Fabius PictorSecond Punic WarCarthageinclusiveannalisticLivyextantAugustusascertainingfastiPunic WarsBattle of PharsalusBattle of ZamaBattle of AlesiaBattle of CannaeJulius CaesarAugustusMarcus Tullius CiceroPompey the GreatDiocletianRoman lawNeoclassical artSenateaqueductcivitasFrisiaGalatiaPannoniaCiliciaCapuaSmarthistory – Ancient Rome, an introductionSee all related contentSUBSCRIBE The evidence for the annalistic tradition shows that the Roman histories written during the 2nd century bc were relatively brief resumes of facts and stories. Yet in the course of the 1st century bc Roman writers were increasingly influenced by Greek rhetorical

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