SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosprintingIntroductionHistory of printingOrigins in ChinaInvention of movable type (11th century)Transmission of paper to Europe (12th century)The invention of printingXylographyMetallographic printing (1430?)The invention of typographyâGutenberg (1450?)The Gutenberg pressImprovements after GutenbergThe metal press (1795)Stereotypy and stereography (late 18th century)Koenigâs mechanical press (early 19th century)Attempts to mechanize composition (mid-19th century)Typecasting compositors (1880s)19th-century innovationsReproduction of illustrationsLithography: Senefelder (1796)Photosensitivity: Niepce (1820s)Gravure and rotogravure (1890s)The 20th centuryDiscovery of offset (early 20th century)Dry offset (1920)color printingAutomation of composition (after 1929)Programmed composition (1950s)PhotocompositionFirst generation of phototypesetters: mechanicalSecond generation of phototypesetters: functionalThird generation of phototypesetters: electronicToward direct impressionSerigraphy and collotype: a renaissanceThree-dimensional printing (1960s)Office printingModern printing techniquesComposition and typesettingMechanical composition and typesettingLetterpress composition by handSemimechanized compositionMechanical composition: slugcasting typesettersTypesetter casting aligned charactersAutomatic composition (perforated tape)Programmed composition (prepared by computer)Cold typePhototypesettingManual phototypesettersAutomatic phototypesettingFunctional phototypesettersElectronic phototypesettersMakeup of letterpress copyMounting composition on filmConversion systemsPrinting (press operation)Color printingLetterpress printingPlaten pressesCylinder pressesRotary pressesPreparing stereotypes and platesScope of letterpressRotogravurePreparing rotogravure cylindersScope of rotogravureOffsetOffset plate makingScope of offsetOther printing processesLettersetSerigraphy (screen printing)CollotypeFlexographyElectrostatic printingPrinting inksReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImages & Videosprinting summaryWho invented the photograph and why?What was the first picture ever taken?What was the first color photograph?How does the printing press work?Why is the printing press important?TechnologyThe Web & CommunicationprintingModern printing techniquesFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/printing-publishingThe Canadian Encyclopedia - Publishing and PrintingThe Met - The Printed Image in the West: History and TechniquesWorld History Encyclopedia - The Printing Revolution in Renaissance EuropeThe Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia - Printing and PublishingCarnegie Mellon University - School of Computer Science - Printing meets lithography: Soft approaches to high-resolution patterning (PDF)University of Illinois LibGuides - Printing -- Lithography Topic Hub: Printing Process OverviewAmerican Printing History Association - History of Printing TimelineUCLA - HISTORY of the BOOK - The Invention and Spread of PrintingResearch Guides from HPU Libraries - History of the Book: Early Printing in AmericaHistory World - History of Printingprinting - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)printing - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)Robert Lechêne
Journalist and popular science writer. Author of L'Imprimerie, de Gutenberg à l'électron.Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....Historyporouspaperplasticinversionsuperimposedstainless steelphotoengravingconventionalelectric chargeconstitutepolymeroffset printingprintrivaldry offsetmoldtransparenciesdrum
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