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Dictionary | Definition, History, Types, & Facts | Britannica

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SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosdictionaryIntroductionHistorical backgroundFrom Classical times to 1604From 1604 to 1828Since 1828Kinds of dictionariesGeneral-purpose dictionariesScholarly dictionariesSpecialized dictionariesFeatures and problemsEstablishment of the word listSpellingPronunciationEtymologyGrammatical informationSense division and definitionUsage labelsIllustrative quotationsTechnological aidsAttitudes of societyMajor dictionariesReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImages & Videosdictionary summaryChallenging Words You Should Know Vocabulary Quiz Vol. 2Odd Word Out: Synonyms QuizChallenging Standardized Test Words Quiz Vol. 312-Letter Words Quiz13-Letter Word QuizLiteratureLibraries & Reference WorksFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/dictionaryOpen Library Publishing Platform - Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd edition - Why not the dictionary?BYU Law Digital Commons - The Dictionary as a Specialized Corpus (PDF)Geosciences LibreTexts - DictionariesThe Guardian - Top 10 dictionariesAllen Walker Read Emeritus Professor of English, Columbia University. Author of "Approaches to Lexicography and Semantics" in Current Trends in Linguistics.Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistoryNathan Bailey's definition of “oats”booklanguagesalphabeticalpronunciationgrammaticaletymologiessyntacticvariantLatinencyclopaedias(Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.)concordanceculturecompilationlexicographyBritannica Quiz Odd Word Out: Synonyms QuiztyrannythesaurusencyclopaediaabstractionsSUBSCRIBE A monolingual dictionary has both the word list and the explanations in the same language, whereas bilingual or multilingual (polyglot) dictionaries have the explanations in another language or different languages. The word dictionary is also extended, in a loose sense, to reference books with entries in alphabetical order, such as a dictionary of biography, a dictionary of heraldry, or a dictionary of plastics.This article, after an account of the development of dictionaries from Classical times to the recent past, treats the kinds of dictionaries and their features and problems. It concludes with a brief section on some of the major dictionaries that are available. Examples for the sections on the types of dictionaries and on their features and problems are drawn primarily from the products of English lexicographers. Historical background From Classical times to 1604 In the long perspective of human evolutionary development, dictionaries have been known through only a slight fraction of language history. People at first simply talked without having any authoritativeAtticistsHesychius of AlexandriaMiddle AgesLatinlanguageprestigeMarcus Terentius VarrotreatiseDe lingua LatinaextantmedievalAlexander NeckamJohannes de GarlandiaAmbrogio CalepinoReggio nell’EmiliabilingualEnglishFrench-EnglishWilliam CaxtonEnglish vocabularyRichard PynsonattributedWilliam SalesburyHenry VIIISir Thomas ElyotThomas CoopersubsequentThesaurus Linguae Romanae et BritannicaeJohn AubreycommemorateGeorge PuttenhamglossaryWilliam TyndaleSpellinglamentedRichard MulcasterSt. Paul’sadaptationplagiarismcompiledGlossographia; or, A Dictionary Interpreting All Such Hard Words…As Are Now Used in Our Refined English TongueJohn MiltoncastigatedbeguiledCrusca AcademycopiousItalianFrench AcademyAntoine FuretièreSpainRoyal Spanish AcademyGermanRussiandictionaryJoseph AddisonAlexander PopeSamuel JohnsonundertakingSamuel Johnson's definition of “Oats”discriminationstemerityphilologyFranciscus Junius the YoungercriticismpronouncingThomas SheridanUnited StatesBenjamin Franklingrammar schoolNew YorkUnited StatesIsaiah ThomasNoah WebsterAn American Dictionary of the English LanguageconservatismphilologysystematicIndo-European family of languagesFranz BoppRasmus RaskBrothers GrimmDeutsches WörterbuchMaximilien-Paul-Émile LittréDictionnaire de la langue françaiseRevolutions of 1848ScotlandRichard GarnettThe Oxford English DictionaryEncyclopaedia MetropolitanadiscipleJohn Horne TookeexcoriatedGerhard Johannes VossiusEtymologicum linguae LatinaedefinitionDeficienciesA New English Dictionary on Historical PrinciplesFrederick James FurnivallJames Augustus Henry MurrayWilliam Alexander CraigiepainstakingThe Oxford English DictionaryJoseph Emerson WorcestercontentiousinnovationsneologismsG. & C. MerriamMerriam-Webster dictionaryJames Russell LowellThe Century DictionaryWilliam Dwight WhitneyIsaac Kauffman FunkA Standard Dictionary of the English LanguageinnovationFrancis Horace VizetellySamuel JohnsonNoah WebsterFrédéric MistralAmbrose Biercelexicographyencyclopaedic dictionaryglossaryconcordancethesaurusSee all related contentparade float to promote Webster's International DictionaryFunk & Wagnalls Dictionaries

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