SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosJudaismIntroductionThe history of JudaismGeneral observationsNature and characteristicsPeriodizationBiblical Judaism (20thâ4th century bce)The ancient Middle Eastern settingThe pre-Mosaic period: the religion of the patriarchsThe Mosaic period: foundations of the Israelite religionThe Egyptian sojournMosaic religionThe period of the conquest and settlement of CanaanThe period of the united monarchyThe religious and political problemThe Davidic monarchyThe period of the divided kingdomThe period of classical prophecy and cult reformThe emergence of the literary prophetsProphecy in the southern kingdomReforms in the southern kingdomThe Babylonian ExileThe period of the restorationHellenistic Judaism (4th century bceâ2nd century ce)The Greek period (332â63 bce)Hellenism and JudaismSocial, political, and religious divisionsReligious rites and customs in Palestine: the Temple and the synagoguesReligious and cultural life in the DiasporaEgyptian Jewish literaturePalestinian literatureThe Roman period (63 bceâ135 ce)New parties and sectsOrigin of Christianity: the early Christians and the Jewish communityJudaism under Roman ruleRabbinic Judaism (2ndâ18th century)The age of the tannaim (135âc. 200)The role of the rabbisThe making of the MishnaThe age of the amoraim: the making of the Talmuds (3rdâ6th century)Palestine (c. 220âc. 400)Babylonia (200â650)The age of the geonim (c. 640â1038)Triumph of the Babylonian rabbinateAnti-rabbinic reactionsThe gaonate of SaÊ¿adia ben JosephMedieval European Judaism (950â1750)The two major branchesSephardic developmentsAshkenazic developmentsMarginalization and expulsionConflicts and new movementsModern Judaism (c. 1750 to the present)The new situationThe Haskala, or EnlightenmentIn central EuropeIn eastern EuropeReligious reform movementsOrthodox developmentsIn western and central EuropeIn eastern EuropeDevelopments in scholarshipJewish-Christian relationsZionismAmerican JudaismJudaism in other landsContemporary JudaismThe Judaic traditionThe literature of JudaismGeneral considerationsSources and scope of the TorahProphecy and religious experienceModern views of TorahBasic beliefs and doctrinesGodUnity and uniquenessCreativityActivity in the worldOtherness and nearnessModern views of GodIsrael (the Jewish people)Choice and covenantIsrael and the nationsThe people and the landModern views of the people IsraelHumanityThe image of GodThe earthly-spiritual creatureThe ethically bound creatureMedieval and modern views of manEthics and societyThe ethical emphasis of JudaismInterpenetration of communal and individual ethicsThe key moral virtuesThe relation to non-Jewish communities and culturesThe formulation of Jewish ethical doctrinesThe universeCreation and Providence: Godâs worldHumanityâs place in the universeIntermediary beings: angels and demonsEschatologyThe future age of humankind and the worldThe king-messiah and his reignSecularization of messianismBasic practices and institutionsThe hallowing of everyday existenceThe traditional pattern of individual and familial practicesThe traditional pattern of synagogue practicesCeremonies marking the individual life cyclesHoly places: the land of Israel and JerusalemThe sacred language: Hebrew and the vernacular tonguesThe rabbinateLegal, judicial, and congregational rolesChief rabbinatesGeneral councils or conferencesModern variationsThe Jewish religious yearThe cycle of the religious yearThe Jewish calendarLunisolar structureMonths and notable daysOrigin and developmentThe SabbathImportanceObservancesThe Jewish holidaysPilgrim FestivalsTen Days of PenitenceMinor festivals: Hanukkah and PurimThe five fastsThe lesser holidaysThe situation todayArt and iconographyThe anti-iconic principle and its modificationsCeremonial objects and symbolsArchitecturePaintings and illustrationsMusicLiteratureJewish philosophyPre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic thoughtBible and ApocryphaPhilo JudaeusOther ancient sourcesMedieval philosophyJewish kalÄmSaÊ¿adia ben JosephThe KaraitesJewish NeoplatonismIsaac IsraeliSolomon ibn GabirolJudah ha-LeviOther Jewish thinkers, c. 1050âc. 1150Jewish AristotelianismAbraham ibn DaudMaimonidesAverroistsGersonidesḤasdai CrescasJoseph AlboModern philosophyThe Iberian-Dutch philosophersUriel AcostaBenedict de SpinozaGerman philosophersMoses MendelssohnSolomon FormstecherSamuel HirschNachman KrochmalSolomon SteinheimHermann CohenFranz RosenzweigMartin BuberEmmanuel LévinasJewish mysticismNature and characteristicsThe Judaic contextThree types of Jewish mysticismMain lines of developmentEarly stages to the 6th century ceSefer yetziraThe Arabic-Islamic influence (7thâ13th century)The making of Kabbala (c. 1150â1250)Sefer ha-bahirSchool of Isaac the BlindThe 10 sefirotSchool of Gerona (Catalonia)Sefer ha-temunaMedieval German (Ashkenazic) HasidismThe making of the Zohar (c. 1260â1492)The Lurianic KabbalaShabbetaianismModern HasidismModern Jewish mysticismJewish myth and legendSignificance and characteristicsSources and developmentMyth and legend in the BibleMythsLegends and other talesContemporary interpretationsMyth and legend in the Persian periodMyth and legend in the Hellenistic periodHistoriated Bibles and legendary historiesApocrypha and PseudepigraphaMyth and legend in the Talmud and MidrashMidrash and HaggadaFables and animal storiesContribution of Haggada to Christian and Islamic legendsMyth and legend in the medieval periodJewish contributions to diffusion of folktalesHebrew versions of medieval romancesJewish contributions to Christian and Islamic talesMajor medieval Hebrew collectionsMedieval legendary histories and Haggadic compendiumsMyth and legend in the modern periodKabbalistic talesJudeo-German (Yiddish) talesJudeo-Persian and Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) talesHasidic talesDroll storiesModern Israeli folktalesJudaism in world perspectiveRelation with non-Judaic religionsExclusivist and universalist emphasesRelation to ChristianityRelation to IslamRelations with other religionsThe role of Judaism in Western culture and civilizationIts historic roleIts present roleFuture prospectsReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImages & VideosJudaism summaryWhat historical events are commemorated on Tisha bâAv?What are the observances during Tisha bâAv?What is the meaning of tikkun olam?How did the concept of tikkun olam first develop?How did Kabbala and Hasidism interpret tikkun olam?Philosophy & ReligionScripturesFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/JudaismUnited Religions Initiative - Judaism: Basic BeliefsJewishEncyclopedia.com - JudaismHumanities LibreTexts - JudaismJudaism - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)Judaism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)JudaismThe history of JudaismHaim Zalman Dimitrovsky
Professor of Talmud, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Editor and translator of Bava metzia.AllBritannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistorycommunitiesmedievalcommunityChristiansMiddle AgesculturebishopsA project to save rural synagogues grows from Maine to MontanaVehicles belonging to Jewish ambulance service set on fire in London in apparent antisemitic attacksuicidebaptismstereotypesnotoriousblood libelallegedbloodInnocent IIIChristLateran CouncilEastercontemporarymoney lendinganimosityutilityHoly Roman EmpireconversosfaithFerdinand IIIsabella INorth AfricaPortugalChristianitydiverseesoterictranscenddogmassalvationecclesiasticalmetaphysicallegal codeJacob ben AsherAshkenazimSephardimIsaac AlbalagBiblepredicatedLevi ben GershomcomprehensiveregimenAbrahamSufismHasdai Crescasfree willdeterminismreligiondiscipleJoseph AlbodogmadivinerevelationretributionMarranocalamitiesOttoman EmpireKabbalismcatastrophesáºefatordinationSanhedrinritualDavid ReubeniIsaac LuriaḤayyim VitaldisciplesIsraelinnovationsmystical theologydivinityomnipotentHebrewfutileghettoizationRenaissancecriticismcaptivatedHebrew languageKabbalaPhiloJosephusdogmaticShabbetai TzevihysteriaIslamapostasywitch huntRabbinic JudaismDelugeSwedenslavesJacob FrankGentileGerson D. Cohen
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