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Islamic world - Trans-Saharan, Trade, Religion | Britannica - AI智能索引
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SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosIslamic worldIntroductionPrehistory (c. 3000 bce–500 ce)The rise of agrarian-based citied societiesCultural core areas of the settled worldThe Nile-to-Oxus regionThe Arabian PeninsulaFormation and orientation (c. 500–634)The city of Mecca: centre of trade and religionMecca under the Quraysh clansNew social patterns among the Meccans and their neighboursThe Prophet MuhammadMuhammad’s years in MeccaSpiritual awakeningPublic recitationsEfforts to reform Meccan societyMuhammad’s emigration to Yathrib (Medina)The forging of Muhammad’s communityThe ummah’s allies and enemiesMuhammad’s later recitationsIslam at Muhammad’s deathAbū Bakr’s successionConversion and crystallization (634–870)Social and cultural transformationsʿUmar I’s successionThe spirit of conquest under ʿUmar IForging the link of activism with faithfulnessʿUthmān’s succession and policiesDiscontent in ʿUthmān’s reignIntra-Muslim conflictsThe four fitnahsThe first fitnahThe second fitnahThe emergent Islamic civilizationThe third fitnahSunnis and ShīʿitesThe ʿAbbāsidsSharīʿahThe fourth fitnahFragmentation and florescence (870–1041)The rise of competitive regionsAndalusia, the Maghrib, and sub-Saharan AfricaEgypt, Syria, and the holy citiesIraqCultural flowering in IraqThe Būyid dynastyIran, Afghanistan, and IndiaThe SāmānidsThe GhaznavidsThe decline of the caliphate and rise of emiratesMigration and renewal (1041–1405)TurksSeljuq TurksPolicies of Niẓām al-MulkṬarīqah fellowshipsFranksThe call for the CrusadesEffect of the Crusades in SyriaMongolsFirst Mongol incursionsConversion of Mongols to IslamAscent of the Ottoman TurksTimur’s efforts to restore Mongol powerArabsImazighenThe Ṣanhājah confederationThe Almoravid dynastyThe Almohad dynastyContinued spread of Islamic influenceConsolidation and expansion (1405–1683)OttomansContinuation of Ottoman ruleReign of Süleyman IThe extent of Ottoman administrationṢafavidsExpansion in Iran and beyondShah ʿAbbās IDecline of central authorityIndo-Timurids (Mughals)Foundation by BāburReign of AkbarContinuation of the empireTrans-Saharan IslamIndian Ocean IslamIslamic history from 1683 to the present: reform, dependency, and recoveryPrecolonial reform and experimentation from 1683 to 1818The rise of British colonialism to the end of the Ottoman EmpireThe early 20th century to the presentReform and revival in the colonial periodPostcolonial states and IslamIslamist movements from the 1960sThe mainstreaming of Islamist movementsDimensions of the Islamic revivalIslam and globalization: the age of mobilityReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImages & VideosWorld Religions & TraditionsIslamPhilosophy & ReligionReligious BeliefsIslamic worldConsolidation and expansion (1405–1683)FacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-worldABC listen - Late Night Live - The idea of the Muslim worldThe Met - Art of the Islamic WorldPew Research Center - The World�s Muslims: Religion, Politics and SocietyThe University of Chicago Press Journals - The Islamic World and the Latin West, 1350-1500 (PDF)OpenStax - World History Volume 2, from 1400 - A Connected Islamic WorldYale University - YaleGlobal Online - The Islamic World and the West: Recovering Common HistoryNPR - Is There A 'Muslim World'?Humanities LibreTexts - The Early Islamic WorldMalika Zeghal Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Professor in Contemporary Islamic Thought and Life, Harvard University.AllBritannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistoryPortugueseReconquistaIberian PeninsulaMoroccoShīʿiteshariflegitimatedSaʿdīSudanSonghaiʿAlawiteʿAlīcultivatedcharismaticdynastySudanicIslamKuntaArabic languageindigenouslegitimatingEgyptSuyūṭījusticeWest AfricaMuḥammad RumfaKanoMuḥammad I AskiajihadEthiopiaAḥmad GrāñUpper EgyptarrayAḥmad BābāTaʾrīkh al-fattāshhistory

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