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viewsModern viewsThe question of Christian identityThe history of ChristianityThe primitive churchThe relation of the early church to late JudaismThe relation of the early church to the career and intentions of JesusThe Gentile mission and St. PaulThe contemporary social, religious, and intellectual worldThe internal development of the early Christian churchThe problem of jurisdictional authorityThe problem of scriptural authorityThe problem of theological authorityEarly heretical movementsRelations between Christianity and the Roman government and the Hellenistic cultureChurch-state relationsChristianity and Classical cultureThe ApologistsThe early liturgy, the calendar, and the artsThe alliance between church and empireTheological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuriesWestern controversiesEastern controversiesLiturgy and the arts after ConstantineNew forms of worshipHistorical and polemical writingPolitical relations between East and WestLiterature and art of the “Dark Ages”Missions and monasticismThe Photian schism and the great East-West schismThe Photian schismThe great East-West schismFrom the schism to the ReformationPapacy and empireMedieval thoughtReformationChristianity from the 16th to the 21st centuryContemporary ChristianityRoman CatholicismThe Eastern churchesEastern OrthodoxyOriental OrthodoxyProtestantismLutheranismAnglicanismPresbyterian and Reformed churchesOther Protestant churchesChristian doctrineThe nature and functions of doctrineScripture and tradition: the apostolic witnessEvangelism: the first teaching about the God of Jesus ChristCatechesis: instructing candidates for baptismLiturgy: the school and feast of faithEthics: obeying the truthAversion of heresy: the establishment of orthodoxyApologetics: defending the faithRestatement: respecting language and knowledgeInculturation: respecting places and peoplesDogma: the most authoritative teachingConsensus: patterns of agreementTheology: loving God with the mindSymbolics: creeds and confessionsDevelopment: the maturation of understandingSchism: division over substantial mattersControversy: fighting over the faithEcumenism: speaking the truth in loveGod the FatherCharacteristic features of the Christian concept of GodThe specific concept of God as FatherThe belief in the oneness of the Father and the SonThe revelatory character of GodGod as Creator, Sustainer, and JudgeThe view that God is not solitaryModern views of GodSatan and the origin of evilGod the SonDifferent interpretations of the person of JesusThe Christological controversiesMessianic viewsThe doctrine of the Virgin Mary and holy WisdomGod the Holy SpiritContradictory aspects of the Holy SpiritConflict between order and charismatic freedomThe operations of the Holy SpiritThe Holy TrinityThe basis for the doctrine of the TrinityIntroduction of Neoplatonic themesAttempts to define the TrinityAnthropologyWhat it is to be humanThe human as a creatureThe human as the image of GodHuman redemptionThe problem of sufferingThe resurrection of the bodyProgressive human perfectionThe “new man”: The human being in the light of ChristThe “reborn human”Human liberationJoy in human existenceThe charismatic believerChristian perfectionFellow humans as the present ChristThe churchNormative defenses in the early churchEvolution of the episcopal officeAuthority and dissentOrganizationChurch polityLiturgyNew liturgical forms and antiliturgical attitudesChurch traditionThe sacramentsScriptural traditionsVeneration of places, objects, and peopleMonasticismThe saintly lifeArt and iconographyTheology of iconsEschatologyExpectations of the kingdom of God in early ChristianityExpectations of the kingdom of God in the medieval and Reformation periodsExpectations of the kingdom of God in the post-Reformation periodThe role of imminent expectation in missions and emigrationsEschatological expectations and secularizationConcepts of life after deathAspects of the Christian religionChristian philosophyHistory of the interactions of philosophy and theologyInfluence of Greek philosophyEmergence of official doctrineAristotle and AquinasOther influencesFaith and reasonChristian philosophy as natural theologyArguments for the existence of GodThe design (or teleological) argumentThe cosmological argumentThe ontological argumentMoral argumentsArguments from religious experience and miraclesThe immortality of the soul20th-century discussionsInfluence of logical positivismEvidentialist approachChristian mysticismHistory of Christian mysticismEarly churchEastern ChristianityWestern Catholic ChristianityProtestant ChristianityStages of Christian mysticismThe dying to selfThe union with GodThe readjustmentForms of Christian mysticismChrist-mysticismTrinitarian mysticismNegative mysticism: God and the GodheadSignificance of Christian mysticismChristian myth and legendCharacteristics of Christian myth and legendHistory of Christian myth and legendThe early churchThe ages of the worldMessianic secrets and the mysteries of salvationThe Magi and the Child of Wondrous LightRelics and saintsThe Middle AgesRenaissance magic and scienceChristian practice in the modern worldThe Christian community and the worldThe relationships of ChristianityHistorical viewsChurch, sect, and mystical movementChurch and stateThe history of church and stateThe church and the Roman EmpireThe church and the Byzantine, or Eastern, EmpireThe church and Western statesSeparation of church and stateChurch and state in Eastern and Western theologyThe views of Eusebius of CaesareaThe views of AugustineLater developmentsChurch and societyThe problem of slavery and persecutionTheological and humanitarian motivationsChurch and educationIntellectualism versus anti-intellectualismForms of Christian educationChurch and social welfareCuring and caring for the sickHealing the sickCare for the sickCare for widows and orphansProperty, poverty, and the poorPastoral careChurch and minoritiesChurch and familyThe tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriageThe tendency toward asceticismChurch and the individualLove as the basis for Christian ethicsFreedom and responsibilityChristian missionsBiblical foundationsThe history of Christian missionsFirst transition, to 500 ceSecond transition, to 1500 ceWestern missionPapal missionEastern and Nestorian missionsThe rise of IslamThird transition, to 1950Roman Catholic mission, 1500–1950Protestant missions, 1500–1950Early Protestant missionsMissions to AsiaMissions to South East Asia and the PacificMissions to Africa and South AmericaMissionary associationsOrthodox and nondenominational missionsFourth transition, from 1950Scripture translationsEcumenismThe biblical perspectiveThe history of ecumenismEarly controversiesThe Schism of 1054The ReformationEcumenism in the 17th and 18th centuries19th-century effortsEcumenism since the start of the 20th centuryChristianity and world religionsConflicting Christian attitudesContemporary viewsReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImages, Videos & InteractivesPop Quiz: 19 Things to Know About ChristianityChristianity summaryHow To Celebrate Christmas QuizChristianity QuizEverything You Need To Know About Christmas QuizHistory of Christianity QuizWhat is the difference between the Virgin Birth and the Immaculate Conception?Why do members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints wear a specific type of undergarment?When did the practice of wearing temple garments begin?What changes were made to temple garments in 2024?What do the emblems on temple garments represent?Philosophy & ReligionScripturesChristianityThe church and its historyFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/ChristianityUnited Religions Initiative - Christianity: Background, Basic Beliefs, and Sacred TextsDigitalCommons at Cedarville - Human Nature and the ChristianHumanities LibreTexts - ChristianityBCcampus Open Publishing - UnRoman Romans - ChristianityJewish Virtual Library - ChristianityWorld History Encyclopedia - ChristianityThe Canadian Encyclopedia - ChristianityChristianity - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)Christianity - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)John Hick Danforth Professor Emeritus of the Philosophy of Religion, Claremont Graduate School, California. Author of Death and Eternal Life and others.AllBritannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistorychurchexegesisExegesisAntiochorthodoxPope Leo XIV in Algeria walks in footsteps of his spiritual father, St. AugustinePope starts Africa tour in Algeria and calls for peace against Iran war's backdropPope Leo XIV denounces the 'delusion of omnipotence' he says fuels the US-Israeli war in IranFrom 'BuddhaBot' to $1.99 chats with AI Jesus, the faith-based tech boom is herePope's Africa trip takes him to a source of growth for the church, and critical challengesearly churchdidaskaloicatechetical schoolsallegorical interpretationPhilo of AlexandriaClement of AlexandriaOrigentypological-allegoricalpatristicMiddle AgescomprehensiveOld TestamentascertainingdivinesalvationmoralmedievalReformationLutherliteralschool of AntiochPlatonicAristotelianphilosophytextual criticismLatinNicholas of LyraperusingBibleuniversityGermanyhumanistphilologistsErasmusLetter of Paul to the RomansChristunequivocaldogmaticdebateLord’s SupperheresyHugo GrotiusMiddle EasterngeographyarchaeologycriticismedifyingEnlightenment

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