SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosiron processingIntroductionHistoryOresMining and concentratingLumps and finesCrushingSinteringConcentratesUpgradingPelletizingIron makingThe blast furnaceStructureOperationChemistryDirect reduction (DR)Smelting reductionThe metalHot metal (blast-furnace iron)Cast ironWhite ironGray ironHigh-alloy ironCasting methodsWrought ironIron powderChemical compoundsReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImages & VideosTechnologyIndustryFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/iron-processingRobert Donald Walker
Training Manager, Allied Steel and Wire, Cardiff, Wales. Author of Modern Ironmaking Methods and others.Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistoryironmetalconstitutesEarthâsaluminumSee all videos for this articlecrystal structureaustenitemelting pointmalleablecarboncast ironscementitepearlitealternateAnatoliaPersiacompoundscoppersmeltingfurnaceshaft furnacesreductionbloomslagartifactswrought ironIron Agemedievalwater powerhearthCatalan forgeblast furnacepig ironSUBSCRIBE
Despite the military demand for cast iron, most civil applications required malleable iron, which until then had been made directly in a bloomery. The arrival of blast furnaces, however, opened up an alternativesubsequentcoalcokeAbraham Darbysteam enginepig ironfinery processHenry Cortpatentedreverberatory furnacecapacitystovesteelBessemerSidney Gilchrist ThomasPercy GilchristBessemerabundantAbram Stevens HewittJohn Fritzsmelting reductiondirect reductionbowl furnacebloomery furnaceshaft furnaceSee all related contentextensiveresearch and developmentUnited States
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