SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideoshand toolIntroductionEarly history of hand toolsGeological and archaeological aspectsStone as a materialTypes of stone toolsTechniques for making stone toolsLimitations of stone toolsPaleolithic toolsEolithsThe Acheulean industryThe Mousterian flake toolsLate Paleolithic toolmakingNeolithic toolsEarly metals and smeltingMetalworkingCastingSmeltingIron and steel toolsToward increasing hand tool specializationPercussive toolsHammers and hammerlike toolsAx and adzEarly metal designsEuropean usageCutting, drilling, and abrading toolsKnifeDrilling and boring toolsSawFileChiselPlaneTool auxiliaries and screw-based toolsWorkbench and viseTongs, pincers, and pliersScrew-based toolsInvention of the screwScrewdrivers and wrenchesMeasuring and defining toolsPlumb line, level, and squareCompass, divider, and caliperChalk lineRulesPower toolsReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImagesTechnologyEngineeringMechanical Engineeringhand toolMeasuring and defining toolsFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/hand-toolRichard S. Hartenberg
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 1956â75. Coauthor of Kinematic Synthesis of Linkages.AllBritannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistorycalipercompasscirclesdraftingpenpencildividerscribingCaliperRomansMiddle AgestoollayoutsAlbrecht DürerLeonardo da Vincigraphitechalkancient Egyptbuilding constructiontautchalkochreRulescubitelbowknucklescross sectionstonegaugestoolsMiddle AgesRenaissancewoodcharacterizedEuropepower sawpowertooldrill presselectricitycompressed airairwrencheshammersGasoline-enginesawscircular sawdrillprototypereciprocatingscrewdriversubiquitouselectric motorsandersshearsWorld War IIRichard S. HartenbergThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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