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Fortification | Military Science & History of Defense Structures | Britannica

SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosfortificationIntroductionTrench warfare, 1860–1918The American Civil WarWorld War IPermanent fortification, 1914–45World War ILinear fortifications of World War IIThe Maginot Line and the West WallOther fort seriesGerman channel defensesNuclear fortificationReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImagesfortification summaryArchitecture: The Built WorldVisual ArtsArchitectureFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/fortificationThe Canadian Encyclopedia - FortificationRebus Press - History of Applied Science and Technology - Cannon and Fortresses in Early Modern Europefort and fortification - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)John F. Guilmartin Associate Professor of History, Ohio State University, Columbus. Author of Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century and others.AllBritannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistorysciencewarField fortificationsimminentmilitary technologyTrench warfareAmerican Civil WarfortifyRobert E. LeeparapetsiegesVicksburgPetersburgconstructionCold HarborUlysses S. GrantWorld War IferventRusso-Turkish WarRusso-Japanese Warmachine gunBritannica Quiz Architecture: The Built WorldMarne RiverdegeneratedNorth Seabarbed wireconcretecasualtiesHindenburg LinevastMessinesSUBSCRIBE Permanent fortification, 1914–45 World War I Most defensive thinking on the eve of World War I was reserved for the permanent fort, which was designed to canalize enemy advance and to afford time for national mobilization. The leading fortification engineer of the time was a BelgianBrialmontLiègeAntwerpsteelSébastien Le Prestre de VaubanEugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-DucMenno, baron van CoehoornMichele SanmicheliHenri-Alexis Brialmontenceintefield fortificationcounterscarpglacisSpudSee all related contentbuildingGermanyVerdunBelfortcircumventedNamurBig Bertha

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