SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideoshuman digestive systemIntroductionHuman digestive system interactiveStructures and functions of the human digestive systemMouth and oral structuresThe lips and cheeksThe roof of the mouthThe floor of the mouthThe gumsThe teethThe tongueSalivary glandsSalivaPharynxEsophagusStomachAnatomyBlood and nerve supplyStomach contractionsGastric mucosaGastric secretionAbsorption and emptyingSmall intestineAnatomyBlood and nerve supplyContractions and motilityAbsorptionSecretionsLarge intestineAnatomyBlood and nerve supplyContractions and motilityRectum and anusLiverGross anatomyMicroscopic anatomyBiliary tractAnatomyBilePancreasAcinar cellsIslet cellsFeatures of the gastrointestinal tractGeneral features of digestion and absorptionDigestion and absorption of specific nutrientsCarbohydratesProteinsFatsFat-soluble vitaminsCalciumMagnesiumHematinicsFolic acidVitamin B12IronVitamin DIntestinal gasHormones of the gastrointestinal tractProduction and secretion of peptidesIndividual hormonesInsulinGlucagonSomatostatinSerotoninCholecystokininGastric inhibitory peptideIntestinal glucagonMotilinNeurotensinPancreatic polypeptideSecretinVasoactive intestinal peptideSubstance PEndorphins and enkephalinsBombesinProstaglandinsThe gastrointestinal tract as an organ of immunityEmbryology and evolution of the vertebrate digestive systemEmbryonic developmentEvolutionary developmentReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImages, Videos & InteractivesFacts You Should Know: The Human Body QuizThe Human BodyCharacteristics of the Human BodyHealth & MedicineAnatomy & PhysiologyFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/science/human-digestive-systemNemours KidsHealth - For Parents - Digestive SystemPatient - The digestive systemCleveland Cliinic - Digestive SystemSan Diego Miramar College - The Digestive System (PDF)University of Minnesota Libraries - Human Biology - The Digestive SystemNational Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Structure, development and evolution of the digestive systemOpenStax - Concepts of Biology - Digestive SystemMedicine LibreTexts - Overview of the Digestive SystemThompson Rivers University - Human Biology - Introduction to the Digestive SystemBetter Health Channel - Digestive system explainedHealthline - Digestive Health BasicsLiveScience - Digestive System: Facts, Function and DiseasesNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases - Your Digestive System & How it WorksBBC Bitesize - What is the digestive system?WebMD - The Digestive System: How It Worksdigestive system - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)digestive system - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)Intestinal gashuman digestive systemFeatures of the gastrointestinal tractHarvey J. Dworken
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Author of Gastroenterology: Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications and others.AllBritannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....Historygasgastrointestinal tractcompositionnitrogenhydrogenmethanecarbon dioxidebelchingswallowingsmall intestinedegradationcellbacteriaâsfatlow pressureintestinediffusionlactaseenzymediffusesglucosedigestivenervesecretedhormonesendocrinePeptidesamino acidsdeltasomatostatininhibitingstomachpancreasgastrinmucosaduodenumcleavedvasoactive intestinal peptideterminalsacetylcholineparasympathetic nervous systemendocrine cellshuman developmentantagonistspeptic ulcer diseasehistaminehydrochloric aciddischargedigestionvicinitytrophismskeletal muscletumourinhibit
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