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Topology Topology, the youngest and most sophisticated branch of geometry, focuses on the properties of geometric objects that remain unchanged upon continuous deformationâshrinking, stretching, and folding, but not tearing. The continuous development of topology dates from 1911, when the Dutch mathematician L.E.J. Brouwerastronomymedievalabstrusecubesquarecircleconstructionconic sectionsElementspainstakingEuclidLibrary of AlexandriaPtolemypreciousPythagorasPythagoreansuniversesublimeropetrianglescribesPythagorean theoremtriadsincommensurabilityChinese and Greek geometric theoremsThales of MiletusdamsRed SeaRhind papyrusBlaise PascalEuclidPierre de FermatPtolemyBernhard RiemanntopologyMenelausâ theoremAtiyah-Singer index theoremHellyâs theoremLandenâs theoremSee all related contentAhmesannotated
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