SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosconservationIntroductionThe pathology of extinctionRates of natural and present-day species extinctionHow many species are there?Calculating background extinction ratesRecent extinction ratesPacific island birdsFlowering plantsFreshwater mussels and clamsFreshwater fishAustralian mammalsCalculating relative rates of extinctionPredicting future rates of extinctionInexorable declinesSurviving but threatened small populationsThe loss of populationsThe loss of ecosystemsFactors that cause extinctionHabitat lossOn landEndemic speciesRange sizeTerrestrial hot spotsPredictions of extinctions based on habitat lossFire suppression as habitat lossIn the oceansIn fresh waterPollutionIntroduced speciesOverharvestingWhalingFishingLogging and collectingSecondary extinctionsGlobal warmingWhich species are most vulnerable to extinction?Endemism and rarityBody size and related reproductive characteristicsBehaviourSize of home rangeConcentrationLow dispersalMating systemsInsularityHuman usePreventing the loss of biodiversitySpecies interventionsProtective custodyGenetic interventionAssociated difficulties and costsProtecting speciesRemoving invasive speciesIntroducing speciesHabitat protectionHabitat connectionsHabitat managementFire controlFlood controlHabitat restorationPutting a price on conservationReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImages & Videosconservation summaryWhat is the definition of biodiversity?What are the ways to measure biodiversity?What organizations determine which organisms are endangered species?What is a national park?What was the first national park?ScienceEnvironmentFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-ecologyOhio State University - Origins - ÃâGive Earth a ChanceÃâ: Earth Day and the Politics of Modern EnvironmentalismGreenpeace - A Brief History of Environmentalismconservation - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)conservation - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)Stuart L. Pimm
Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, N.C., and Extraordinary Professor, Conservation Ecology Research Unit, University of Pretoria,...Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....Historyterrestrial hot spots of biodiversityEarthâsdiversitylossbiodiversitylifeplanetecosystemsspeciespopulationsgenes(Read E.O. Wilsonâs Britannica essay on mass extinction.)SpeciesextinctioncomprehensiveassessmentUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeextinctionconstituentSee all videos for this articledisciplineanalogyecologyphysiologymedicinephysiologyhuman bodymedicineunderlyingeconomicslawsocial sciencesreligionextinctionpervasiveSUBSCRIBE
Estimates of recent and future extinction ratesgroup number of living species number of extinctions per indicated time period (in years) extinctions per million species per year Recent extinctions *Predictions of future extinctions for all species, as published by various authors since about 1980, range between 1,000 and 10,000 extinctions per million species per year. Principal source: S.L. Pimm et al., "The Future of Biodiversity," Science 269:347â350 (1995). birds (described 1800â99) 7,079 39/100 55 mammals 4,300 60/200 70 reptiles 4,700 20/200 21 frogs and toads 4,000 5/25 50 freshwater clams 1,082 21/100 194 Future extinctions* birds 10,000 1,200/100 1,200 mammals 4,300 650/100 1,512 reptiles 4,700 210/100 447 frogs and toads 4,000 89/100 223 freshwater clams 1,082 120/100 1,109 How many speciesextinction rateformidablecomprisingcommunitiesrainforests1 of 2bracket fungus2 of 2Dandelionfungiplantsangiospermsinsectsinsectextrapolatedbacteriaderiveextinction ratesMo UdallRobert F. Kennedy, Jr.Biruté GaldikasNemonte NenquimoLady Bird Johnsonsustained yieldWorld Network Biosphere Reserveseed bankwildlife conservationAustralian conservationSee all related content
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