SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosancient Greek civilizationIntroduction & Top QuestionsThe early Archaic periodThe post-Mycenaean period and LefkandiColonization and city-state formationThe Olympic GamesOverseas projectsThe beginnings of the polisEarly Archaic Greek civilizationThe sourcesSociety and valuesBacchiadae and EupatridaeSymposia and gymnasiaFormal relationshipsThe Lelantine WarThe later Archaic periodsThe rise of the tyrantsThe decline of the aristocracyChanges in warfareThe early tyranniesSparta and AthensSpartaThe distinctiveness of SpartaThe RhetraThe helot factorThe Peloponnesian LeagueAthensThe distinctiveness of AthensSolonThe Peisistratid tyrannyThe reforms of CleisthenesThe world of the tyrantsIntermarriage between the great housesPoetry and artInternational influencesClassical Greek civilizationThe Persian WarsThe Ionian revoltCauses of the Persian WarsEconomic factorsPolitical factorsAthenian support of IoniaThe position of SpartaSpartaâs foreign relationsThe role of CleomenesThe Battle of MarathonThe administration of democracyThe appointment of archonsThe system of ostracismThe last Persian WarsGreek preparations for warGreek alliancesThermopylaeSalamisPlataeaThe Athenian empireEmerging Athenian independenceThe fortification of AthensThe ambition of PausaniasThe Delian LeaguePaying tribute to AthensStrains on Greek unityMounting Athenian aggressionCimonâs actionsAthensâs moves against other GreeksAthensâs moves northwardSpartaâs responsesThe reforms of EphialtesLegal reformsPolitical reformsThe rejection of CimonAthenian expansionFriction between Athens and CorinthThe subjugation of AeginaThe scale of Athenian ambitionSpartaâs resistancePeace with PersiaRevolts of Athensâs tributary statesEconomic sources of resentmentPolitical and legal sources of resentmentThe Euboean revoltGreek communities in Italy and SicilyThe Peloponnesian WarCausesThe initial phase, 431â425PericlesSpartaâs roleContinuing strifeMytilene and PlataeaSpeculation and uneaseThe years 425â421Spartan calls for peaceCleonâs influenceSpartan recoveryAthenian aggression outside the PeloponneseEntanglement with PersiaHarsh treatment of MelosThe Sicilian disasterThe second phase of the war, 413â404Greek civilization in the 5th centuryIntellectual achievementsThe effect of the Persian Wars on philosophyThe rise of democracyHippocrates and the fluidity of genresGreek tragedyThe liturgy systemThe roles of slaves and womenSlavesWomenMilitary technologyThe 4th centuryTo the Kingâs Peace (386 bce)Dionysius I of SyracuseThe Corinthian WarThe Kingâs PeaceFrom 386 bce to the decline of SpartaSpartan adventuresThe Second Athenian ConfederacyTheban expansionAthens and ThebesThe rise of MacedonMacedonian supremacy in GreeceAlexander the GreatAlexander and the GreeksAlexander in EgyptTo the Persian GatesThe conquest of Bactria and the Indus valleyThe final phaseGreek civilization in the 4th centuryHistorical writingsArchitecture and sculptureSocial and commercial exchangesOrganized settlementsConclusionReferences & Edit HistoryQuick Facts & Related TopicsImages & Videosancient Greek civilization summaryHistory Buff QuizAncient GreeceIs ancient Greece a country?Was ancient Greece a democracy?Why is ancient Greece important?How was the Byzantine Empire different from the Roman Empire?How did the Byzantine Empire get its name?Geography & TravelHistorical PlacesFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-GreecePBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Religion | The GreeksPBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Economy | The GreeksBoise State Pressbooks - Ancient GreeceAncient History Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece, EurasiaUTSA Pressbooks - Introduction to Humanities: From Prehistoric Era to Christendom - Greek CivilizationPBS LearningMedia - Emergence of Cities and the Prophecies of Oracles | The GreeksPBS LearningMedia - Homer and the Gods - The GreeksBBC - The mysterious ancient civilisation that resonates nowPBS LearningMedia - Ancient Math & MusicPBS LearningMedia - The Birth of Democracy | The GreeksOpen Library Publishing Platform - The Development of Western Thought 1 - City States and Ancient GreecePBS LearningMedia - Building the Navy | The GreeksHumanities LibreTexts - Ancient Greeceancient Greece - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)ancient Greece - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)ancient Greek civilizationClassical Greek civilizationSimon Hornblower
Professor of Classics and Ancient History, University of Oxford.Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistoryEuripidesGreek tragedydialoguerhetoricEuripidesPhoenician WomenSuppliantsSophoclesOedipus the KingPhilocteteschorÄgoiarchonsThemistoclesPericlesresonanceAreopagusAeschylusendorsingOrestesFuriesApolloAgamemnonilluminatedSelinusSicilyZeusstepsSuppliantsdemocracyoligarchsreasondemocracyreconcilesmythsDionysiaideologyhopliteethicAntigoneburialpolissilverLauriumtriremeslegitimateaestheticimplicationThucydidesâAthensPindarCyrenehereditarymonarchyAlcibiadesHarmodius and AristogitontyrannyanachronismforensicPropylaeaCallicratesIctinusMnesiclesPhidiasAcropolissecularhistoryParthenonchryselephantineAthenaErechtheumErechtheumfriezescolumnsslaveslife expectancychattelinfrastructurethÄtesphilosophywomenproperty rightsdowryhomosexualethossymposiummarriageanecdoteconscientious objectorArtemisamelioratedsacrificeCreteMilitary technologyinnovationshoplitetriremePeloponnesian WarartillerycontextCarthageDionysius I of Syracuse
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