SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBEHomeHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryNew ArticlesHistory & SocietyLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryScience & TechHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBiographiesBrowse BiographiesAnimals & NatureBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeInsects & Other InvertebratesMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelGeography & TravelArts & CultureEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsImage GalleriesPodcastsSummariesTop QuestionsLists and StoriesBritannica KidsAsk the ChatbotGames & QuizzesHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureProConMoneyVideosNorth AmericaIntroduction & Top QuestionsGeologic historyGeneral considerationsTectonic frameworkStructural planThe Canadian ShieldInterior platform and basinsPaleozoic orogenic beltsPassive continental marginsMesozoic and Cenozoic orogenic beltsCenozoic volcanic fieldsTectonic evolutionPrecambrian time4.6 to 3.0 billion years ago3.0 to 2.6 billion years ago2.6 to 2.0 billion years ago2.0 to 1.8 billion years ago1.8 to 1.6 billion years ago1.6 to 1.3 billion years ago1.3 billion to 950 million years ago950 to 600 million years agoPaleozoic and early Mesozoic time600 to 250 million years ago250 to 120 million years agoLate Mesozoic and Cenozoic time120 to 30 million years ago30 to 2.5 million years agoThe past 2.5 million yearsLandReliefThe central shieldThe marginal mountainsThe AppalachiansThe CordillerasThe lowlandsDrainageLakesRiversSoilsForest soilsSpodosolsAndisolsAlfisolsUltisolsOxisolsGrassland, desert, and tundra soilsMollisolsVertisolsAridisolsGelisolsOther soilsEntisolsInceptisolsHistosolsClimateTemperaturePrecipitationAir massesStorm tracksClimatic regionsThe Arctic zoneThe cool temperate zoneThe warm temperate zoneThe tropical humid climateDry climatesPlant and animal lifeForest communitiesThe Pacific coniferous forestThe boreal forestThe Cordilleran forestThe Laurentian mixed forestThe Eastern Upland forestThe Eastern mesophytic forestMangrove thicketsThe Western sclerophyllous scrub forestThe tropical rainforestGrassland, desert, and tundra communitiesTropical savannasTemperate grasslandsDesertsTundraThe human imprint on the landscapeThe peopleThe North American Indian heritageThe European heritageThe European attitudes toward the environmentThe dispossession of the IndiansThe policies of the colonizersSpanish policyFrench policyBritish policyU.S. policyThe African heritageDemographic patternsFavourable and unfavourable regionsGeographic distributionsThe role of CanadaThe role of the United StatesThe role of Mexico, the West Indies, and Central AmericaThe economyResourcesMetallic mineralsThe shieldThe marginal mountainsOther metallic mineralsNonmetallic mineralsCoal depositsOil and natural gas depositsOther nonmetallic mineralsWater resourcesBiological resourcesMining, forestry, and fishingAgricultureTropical regionsSubtropical and warm temperate regionsCool temperate, humid regionsDry regionsLivestock raisingWater developmentEnergy developmentFossil fuelsHydroelectricityNuclear and other sourcesIndustryCoastal sitesInland sitesTradeThe Canadian segmentThe United States segmentThe Mexican and the Central American segmentsTransportationWaterwaysRailwaysRoadsAir transportReferences & Edit HistoryRelated TopicsImages & VideosNorth America summaryWhat is the highest point in North America?What is the largest country in North America by area?How far from north to south does the Pacific Ocean extend?What is the salinity of the Pacific Ocean?What is the deepest region of the Pacific Ocean?Geography & TravelPhysical Geography of LandFacebookXhttps://www.britannica.com/place/North-AmericaSocial Science LibreTexts - North AmericaNational Geographic - North America: Physical GeographyNorth America - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)North America - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)North AmericaLandJames Wreford Watson
Professor of Geography, University of Edinburgh, 1954â82. Author of North America: Its Countries and Regions and others.AllBritannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....HistorytemperateprairiesGreat PlainsIndian grassaspenAmericaâsbisonbasinPlains Indiansneedlegrasscacti,sagebrushPrairie dogsâThe Devil Wears Pradaâ struts to first place with $77 million debutItaly dismisses replacing Iran at the World Cup after suggestion by Trump officialWildfires used to 'go to sleep' at night. Climate change has them burning overtime7-Eleven expects to close hundreds of its stores in North America this yearIranian American soccer fans are torn between pride and protest as the World Cup nearsDesertsMexicoenvironmentGreat Basin DesertCreosotemesquiteyuccaSonoranNew MexicoMojave DesertCaliforniaJoshua treeTundraArctic Oceangrowing seasoncommunityinhibitsmosquitoesgnatspolar bearsRodentshumanNative AmericansdescendantscontinentEuropeUnited StatesCanadaplowedconserveconservationJames Wreford WatsonRandall J. Schaetzl
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